Vol. 7, Issue 1, Part A (2025)

The gastrointestinal tract contains a complex bacterial community known as the gut microbiome which deeply affects systemic health alongside immunological function and inflammation. The gut microbiota shows potential to significantly affect the development of dry eye disease (DED) and age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and diabetic retinopathy and uveitis. Different ocular diseases emerge from gut dysbiosis through systemic inflammation together with immunological regulation and oxidative stress. Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) derived from microbial metabolism show potential to trigger retinal degeneration in AMD patients while DED patients experience increased ocular surface inflammation due to changes in their gut microbiota composition. The retinal vascular damage in diabetic retinopathy worsens when gut microbial diversity changes because it leads to increased systemic inflammation and endothelial dysfunction. The insufficient development of gut flora in autoimmune uveitis leads to worsened immunological control and intensified ocular inflammation. Research on dietary modifications and prebiotics and probiotics as gut microbiota restoration treatments through the gut-eye axis shows promise to develop new therapeutic strategies for ocular disease management. The unknown mechanisms between gut microbiota and ocular health demonstrate potential for new ophthalmology treatments according to current research findings. Additional research needs to establish these relationships better to develop better treatment approaches for ocular diseases that stem from gut dysbiosis.